Many people are able to gamble without problem, but a substantial minority develops gambling disorder, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition). Problem gambling affects people of all ages, but is more common among young people and men. It is also more common in people with low incomes, as they have more to lose and can be easily trapped in a vicious cycle.
A number of factors contribute to the development of pathological gambling, including a history of prior gambling behavior, an underlying depression, a family history of substance use disorders and an individual’s personality traits, such as impulsivity, boredom susceptibility, poor understanding of random events and the use of escape coping. Gambling addiction can be triggered by an early big win, a desire for financial gain, the perception that gambling is socially acceptable and/or fun, and a desire to avoid boredom or stress.
Problem gambling changes the brain’s reward system, leading to an inability to control one’s urges and a false sense of security. When a person gambles, the brain releases a chemical called dopamine when they hit their target or achieve a goal, which reinforces the behavior. In the case of pathological gambling, dopamine release is excessive and uncontrollable.
Some people gamble to relieve unpleasant feelings, such as loneliness or boredom, while others do it to relax and socialize. Other reasons include: a desire to increase wealth, the illusion of control and the enjoyment of challenging games that require strategy and skill. Whether or not these feelings are genuine, it is important to find healthier and more effective ways of relieving unpleasant emotions and relaxing. These may include exercise, spending time with friends who don’t gamble or learning a new skill.
There are many different types of gambling in the United States, with casinos, racetracks and other establishments offering a variety of gambling options. Some of these are more regulated than others, and some of them have strict age limits for admission.
Gambling has long been a part of human culture, with references to it in literature, mythology and traditions. In ancient Greece, Aphrodite is believed to have played a game of chance with the god Pan on knucklebones, which were later used for dice and dominoes. In modern times, Americans place a high value on the pursuit of riches and personal happiness, which has contributed to the growth of gambling in the country.
It can be difficult to recognize a loved one’s gambling addiction. Often, people will deny that their gambling is causing harm or attempt to justify it. Those suffering from gambling problems should seek help, which can be found through professional organisations that offer counselling and support to individuals and families. These services can help a person gain control over their gambling behaviour and stop it from impacting on their life negatively. Some of these services provide information on local referral resources, such as certified gambling counselors or intensive treatment programs.