Gambling is the act of placing something of value, usually money, on an event involving uncertainty and an element of chance. It can include betting on sports events, horse races, casino games such as poker, keno, bingo and slots, dice and roulett. Often gamblers seek out excitement and the possibility of winning big. Gambling is a common activity worldwide and is legal in most countries. However, for some people gambling can be addictive and cause negative personal, family and financial consequences.
A variety of factors contribute to the development of a gambling disorder, including poor impulse control, cognitive distortions and social and environmental pressures to gamble. In recent years the understanding of gambling problems has undergone a profound change. Individuals who experience adverse consequences from gambling are now more commonly viewed as having psychological rather than behavioral problems. This change in thinking is similar to the shift that occurred when alcoholics were first seen as having a mental illness.
The psychology of gambling involves a complex interplay of risk-taking and the reward system. Unlike some activities, such as lottery or card games, where the gambler wins a prize without taking any risk, gambling is based on a series of risks with a negative expectable value (the house always takes a percentage). The gambler’s decision to place a bet may be driven by an attempt to reduce this expected loss or a desire for positive reinforcement from a win.
Despite its inherent risks, gambling is not considered to be a dangerous activity for the majority of people. Most gamblers have no significant problems and can continue to gamble in moderation, avoiding the negative effects on their lives. However, a small group of individuals develop a gambling problem. They continue to gamble despite substantial negative personal, social and family consequences. These individuals are at increased risk for other disorders, such as alcohol or drug abuse and depression.
Gambling can be a way to relieve unpleasant emotions such as boredom or loneliness, or as a distraction from stressful situations or feelings. However, it is important to learn healthier ways to cope with these emotions. Examples of these healthy coping strategies include exercising, spending time with friends who don’t gamble, taking up a new hobby or practicing relaxation techniques.
People who are at risk for developing a gambling disorder may be influenced by a number of factors, such as low incomes, an inability to recognize and resist urges, and the presence of family members with an addiction. They also tend to be younger and male, and they are more likely to begin gambling as adolescents or young adults. This is probably because they have more to gain with a large win than do older people who are less able to benefit from such gains. For many individuals, the onset of gambling problems occurs as a response to a life crisis such as financial difficulties or relationship breakdowns. Fortunately, there are a variety of treatment options available, including counseling.
